EXERCISES

TYPE ZERO

If you freeze water, it turns into ice.

If I work too much, I get tired.

If I have time, I usually go to the movies.

If she eats hamburgers, she gets an allergy.

If they come here, they always bring a present.

If she doesn't know the answer, she keeps silent.

If we don't go out on Saturdays, we rent a video and stay home.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

If it rains today, I'll stay at home.

If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.

If I have time, I'll visit my parents this afternoon.

If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.

If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes.

If he doesn't do his homework, he can not go to the party.

If she doesn't call you, you can call her.

If you work hard, you may become a millionaire someday.

If you spend more than you earn, you'll become a poor man.

If they don't invite you, you must not go.

If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus.

If you pay now, you'll get a discount.

If they don't want to go out, they can stay home.

If you drink too much, you'll get drunk.

If you feel sick, you must stay in bed.

If they don't come here, we'll have to go there.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro.

If I were you, I would buy that car.

If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this.

If I had more money, I would buy a nice apartment.

If she had more time, she would travel more often.

If it were not raining, we could go out.

If we didn't have to work today, we could have a picnic.

If they won the lottery, they wouldn't work any more.

If I saw her, I would ask her out.

If you went to Brazil, you wouldn't want to come back.

If they spoke Spanish, we would understand them.

If he didn't live by the river, he couldn't go fishing.

If I didn't want to go, I would tell you.

VOCABULARY

WORDS USED ONLY IN PLURAL

Acoustics=acústica

aerobics   gimnasia aeróbica

athletics   atletismo

barracks   cuartel

bellows     fuelle

belongings        efectos personales

billiards    billar

binoculars         binoculares

bowls        petanca, juego de bochas

braces (GB), suspenders (US)  tiradores

braces (US)       aparatos de ortodoncia

clothes      vestimenta, ropa

contents   contenido

crossroads        cruce

customs    aduana

darts         dardos

dominoes dominó

dungarees         pantalón de peto

earnings   ingresos

economics         ciencias económicas, economía

ethics        ética

gallows     horca

gasworks fábrica de gas

glasses     gafas, anteojos

goods        mercancías

greens      verduras

gymnastics        gimnasia

handcuffs esposas

headquarters    sede central, cuartel general

jeans         jeans, vaqueros

kennels     perrera

knickers   bragas

leggings   calzas, mallas

linguistics          lingüística

manners   modales

maths        matemáticas

mathematics     matemáticas

means       medio, manera

measles    sarampión

German measles       rubéola

mumps      paperas

odds posibilidades

outskirts   afueras (de la ciudad)

pants (GB), underpants (US)    bragas, calzoncillos

pants (US), trousers (GB)         pantalones

phonetics fonética

physics     física

pincers      pinzas

pliers        alicates, tenazas

pyjamas (GB), pajamas (US)    pijama

remains    restos

riches        riquezas

scales       balanza

scissors    tijeras

series        serie, sucesión

shears       tijeras de jardín

shorts       bermudas, pantalones cortos

shorts (US)       calzoncillos

species     especie

spectacles         gafas, anteojos

stairs        escaleras

statistics  estadísticas

surroundings    alrededores

tights (GB)        pantimedias

tongs         pinzas (para el hielo)

trunks       bañador, malla (para hombre)

tweezers  pinzas (para depilar las cejas)

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS MADE COUNTABLE

Los sustantivos incontables (como sugar) no pueden usarse con los artículos "a, an". Para convertirlos en una unidad contable es necesario utilizar otra palabra adicional, por ejemplo a lump of sugar (un terrón de azúcar). Esta es una lista de los más usados.

an article/item of clothing       una prenda de vestir

a blade of grass       una hoja de hierba/césped

a block of cement     un bloque de cemento

a breath of fresh air un soplo de aire fresco

a clap of thunder      un trueno

a cloud of dust una polvareda

a cloud of smoke      una humareda

a crust of bread       una corteza

a dash of pepper      una pizca de pimienta

a fit of rage/temper un arranque de ira

a flash of lightning   un relámpago

a grain of rice  un grano de arroz

a gust of wind  una ráfaga de viento

a head of hair  una cabellera

an item/piece of news     una noticia

a jet of water   un chorro de agua

a loaf of bread una barra de pan

a lock of hair    un mechón de pelo

a lump of coal  un carbón

a lump of sugar        un terrón de azúcar

a means of transport       un medio de transporte

a pat of butter  una porción de manteca

a piece of information      un dato

a piece of advice      un consejo

a piece of furniture  un mueble

a piece of luggage    una maleta

a piece of music       una pieza musical

a pile of earth  una pila de tierra

a slice of meat una tajada de carne

a spell of hot weather      una ola de calor

a spot of rain   una gota de lluvia

a stroke of luck        un golpe de suerte

ROPA

 
sudadera = jersey jersey = = camiseta = deslizamiento sobre = suéter
rebeca = saco Liviano de lana
chaleco = chaleco
traje de tres piezas = traje de Tres Piezas
abrigo = saco
impermeable = Piloto
chaleco = chaleco
abrigo = sobretodo
impermeable = abrigo de tela o lana Gruesa
anorak = campera
bombardero chaqueta de = campera ajustada en la cintura
trenca = Abrigo de lana
chaqueta vaquera = campera de jean

pantalones = pantalones
pantalones = pantalones informales
pantalones vaqueros = pantalones vaqueros
pantalones cortos = pantalones Cortosdelantal
monos ( EE.UU.) - peto ( GB ) = jardinero , peto
formadores ( GB ) - zapatillas de deporte ( EE.UU.) = zapatillas
botas = botas
Botas de goma = botas
zapatillas = pantuflas
zuecos = Zuecos
los zapatos = Zapatos
sandalias = sandalias
de tacones altos los zapatos = Zapatos de taco alto
única = Suela
- tienen sus zapatos con suela = ponerle Suela de Los Zapatos
talón = tacos
- tienen sus zapatos de tacón = ponerle taco de un los Zapatos
cordones de los zapatos = cordones
flip- flops = ojotas
alpargatas = alpargatas

albornoz = bata
camisón = camisón = Camisón
pijamas ( GB ) = pijama ( EE.UU.) = pijama
calcetines = Calcetines
hasta la rodilla, calcetines = medios de comunicación 4.3
medias = Calzas
ropa interior = ropa interior
sujetador = sujetador = Corpiño
bragas = bombacha
deslizamiento = enagua
calzoncillos = calzoncillos
traje de baño = traje de baño = Traje de Baño
traje de baño = de corto Baño
bikini = bikini

cinturón = Cinturón
campana = capucha
empate = corbata
corbatín = Mono
alfiler de corbata = Traba de corbata
llaves ( GB ) tirantes = ( EE.UU.) = Tiradores
corbata = pañuelo
pañuelo = pañuelo
pañuelo = pañuelo de cuello
guantes = Guantes
bufanda = bufanda
mantón = desafíos
manto = capacidad
tapa = gorra
boina = boina
sombrero = sombrero
sombrero de ala ancha = sombrero de ala ancha
capó = gorro párrafo Bebé
sombrero de copa = sombrero de copa
casco = casco

CONDITIONAL

1. The Zero Conditional (Type 0)The zero conditional is a structure used for talking about general truths, or scientific facts -- things which always happen under certain conditions.

A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if "when" is used instead of "if"). For example:
If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma.
The simple present tense is the tense use in both clauses. Examples:
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.

2. First Conditional (Type I)

The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.Type 1: if + present + future.
Example:
If I have the money, I will buy this car.
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.
Peter will be sad if Susan leaves.
If you cook dinner, I'll wash the dishes.
Among other variations the structure if + present + present is also possible. It is used when the results are habitual or automatic. Example: If a commodity is in short, supply prices tend to rise.

3. Second Conditional (Type II)

The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future.Type 2: if + past + conditional
Example:
If I had the money, I would buy this car. (Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new car). The action in type 2 is characterized by unreality.
If I were you, I would drive more carefully in the rain.
If dogs had wings, they would be able to fly.
Paula would be sad if Jan left.

PRESENT PERFECT

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

•             You have seen that movie many times.

•             Have you seen that movie many times?

•             You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

 

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

•             I have seen that movie twenty times.

•             I think I have met him once before.

•             There have been many earthquakes in California.

•             People have traveled to the Moon.

•             People have not traveled to Mars.

•             Have you read the book yet?

•             Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

•             A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

•             I have been to France.

THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE, OR SEVERAL TIMES.

•             I have been to France three times.

YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.

•             I have never been to France.

THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING TO FRANCE.

•             I think I have seen that movie before.

•             He has never traveled by train.

•             Joan has studied two foreign languages.

•             A: Have you ever met him?

B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

•             You have grown since the last time I saw you.

•             The government has become more interested in arts education.

•             Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.

•             My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

•             Man has walked on the Moon.

•             Our son has learned how to read.

•             Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

•             Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

•             James has not finished his homework yet.

•             Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

•             Bill has still not arrived.

•             The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

•             The army has attacked that city five times.

•             I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

•             We have had many major problems while working on this project.

•             She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

 

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.

 

Examples:

•             Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

•             I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

•             They have had three tests in the last week.

•             She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.

•             My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.

Examples:

•             I went to Mexico last year.

I WENT TO MEXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE.

•             I have been to Mexico in the last year.

I HAVE BEEN TO MEXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 DAYS AGO AND NOW.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

 

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.

Examples:

•             I have had a cold for two weeks.

•             She has been in England for six months.

•             Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

•             You have only seen that movie one time.

•             Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

•             Many tourists have visited that castle. ACTIVE

•             That castle has been visited by many tourists. PASSIVE